How language models work
Tokens, training and prediction: what happens inside a chatbot when it answers.
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How language models work tutors
23 tutors
Why language models make things up
Why language models make things up
Understand the causes of hallucination and build habits that catch it before it costs you122 lessonsSampleBastian Weber$5Next word prediction from the ground upNext word prediction from the ground up
See how predicting one word at a time produces whole answers, and what temperature changes86 lessonsSampleBastian Weber$3Running a language model on your own computerRunning a language model on your own computer
Work out what your machine can run, set up a local model, and know what to expect from it80 lessonsSampleBenedict Asante$7Context windows and why chats forgetContext windows and why chats forget
Understand a model's working memory and how to keep long conversations on track66 lessonsSampleBastian Weber$4Attention mechanisms, step by stepAttention mechanisms, step by step
Compute attention by hand, then understand masks, heads, KV caching and efficient variants66 lessonsSampleNikolai Sorin$8Reasoning models: when thinking time helpsReasoning models: when thinking time helps
Learn how reasoning models work, when extra thinking pays off, and when it just costs more65 lessonsSampleBenedict Asante$6Reporting on AI: a guide for journalistsReporting on AI: a guide for journalists
Cover AI accurately: the right questions, sources, language and traps for reporters and editors63 lessonsSampleBruno Azevedo$7Open versus closed models, explained fairlyOpen versus closed models, explained fairly
Understand open weights, open source and closed APIs, and how to choose between them62 lessonsSampleBenedict Asante$5Vision language models: what they seeVision language models: what they see
Know how AI models read images, what they get right and wrong, and how to check their answers61 lessonsSampleNoor Siddiqui$6The transformer, block by blockThe transformer, block by block
Trace a token through every part of a transformer and count where the parameters live60 lessonsSampleNikolai Sorin$12Tokenisation: how text becomes numbersTokenisation: how text becomes numbers
See how models split text into tokens, why it matters for cost and context, and where it trips up56 lessonsSampleNadia HaddadFreeTokens: how models read textTokens: how models read text
See how text becomes tokens and why that explains odd model behaviour, limits and costs54 lessonsSampleBastian Weber$4Teachers who teach How language models work
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